Vietnam War Research Articles

The scientific discovery and subsequent history of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus (Linnaeus, 1771) near Da Nang, Vietnam

Abstract In 1750 Pierre Poivre donated the holotype of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus to R.-A. F. de Réaumur. Its type locality is here restricted from “Cochinchine” to near Da Nang, Vietnam. In 1757, Buffon appropriated the holotype for the King’s collection, wrongly inferring that the species lacks ischial callosities, and conflating it with the sifaka of Madagascar. “D’ouc” is evidently a corruption of Voọc, the Vietnamese word for colobine monkey. In 1819, a French crew shot 100 doucs before breakfast on a mountain near Da Nang. In 2016, the whole mountain population was estimated at 70. By 1831 doucs had learnt to fear gunfire, but locals accepted their proximity, and provided some protection from meat-seeking foreigners. Several doucs were collected for museums in the 19th and 20th century; in 1897 two even lived for a fortnight at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. The douc was observed and collected near Da Nang during its miraculous survival of the Vietnam War; its evergreen forest habitat surprisingly resilient. This situation is rapidly deteriorating, as forests are reduced to isolated pockets, and hunting prohibitions unenforced. The closely-monitored Mount Son Tra douc population was expanding, but tourist development is illegally eroding the Nature Reserve.

How Officials Use Intelligence Analysis: A Situational Theory

What explains variation in how officials use intelligence analysis? How can one official acting on one issue within one bureaucratic and political reality seem alternately to use, misuse, and not use analysis at different times? This article proposes an answer by introducing a new theory and evaluating it with a plausibility probe centered on Robert McNamara’s experiences during the Vietnam War. The theory claims that officials use analysis adaptively to meet situational needs. It builds on research into the psychology of mindsets, emotions, and information processing to specify mechanisms of situational patterns of use—an account with marked implications for research and practice.

A Thematic Interpretation of  Selected Novels Of Tim O Brien

Author from the United States who enlisted in the military during the Vietnam War. “The majority of his works are about Vietnam during the conflict, and his latter works often investigate the life of Vietnam soldiers after the war. O'Brien is perhaps most known for his book, which was published in 1990 and titled The Things They Carried. This book is a compilation of connected semi-autobiographical tales that were inspired by O'Brien's experiences during the war. The latter was referred to be " a masterpiece of modern war fiction" by The New York Times in the year 2010. Going For Cacciato, O'Brien's book about the conflict that was published in 1978 and won the National Book Prize, is another reason for the author's widespread reputation. In spite of the fact that O'Brien is most known for his writings on the Vietnam War, he is also highly regarded as a teacher and instructor of creative writing. From 2003 to 2012, he was the holder of an endowed chair in the Master of Fine Arts programme at Texas State University–San Marcos. The purpose of this article is to provide thematic interpretations on a selection of Tim O'Brien's works.”

Recognizing and Seizing Opportunities for Peace and Unification of Vietnam Following the Geneva Convention from 1954 To 1960

Purpose: The article provides an overview of the Vietnam War from 1954 to 1960, describing in detail the process of recognizing and seizing opportunities for peaceful reunification of the country after 1954 in Vietnam.
  
 Methods: The article clarifies the research problem using a combination of historical, logical, and analytical methods.
  
 Results and Conclusions: The article provides an overall, detailed picture of the basis for the Vietnam Labor Party and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to recognize and seize the opportunity to peacefully unify the country in the period 1954–1960; the plots, acts of repression, and sabotage by the US and the Saigon government (1954–1960); and the troubles and losses to the Southern Revolution when they fail to recognize and seize the chance for success.
  
 Research implication: The article provides truthful historical arguments and efforts of the Party, the Government, and the Vietnamese people to defeat the invasion and divide plots by the US and its henchmen to achieve the goal of unifying the country.
  
 Originality/value: The article gives valuable insights into the real situation in Vietnam after 1954 and the plans and intentions of relevant parties on the issue of the unification and division of Vietnam. Drawing on previous failure lessons, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing and seizing opportunities to win the revolution war.

Vietnam War: A Study of History, Causes, and Impact

The Vietnam War was one of the most controversial and influential military conflicts of the 20th century. This journal article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the history, causes, and impact of the war that raged in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. Using primary and secondary sources, the author investigates various aspects of the conflict, including the historical context, the underlying reasons for the outbreak of the war, and far-reaching consequences that continue to shape regional and global affairs to this day. Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union also played an important role, with the US supporting the South Vietnamese government to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Apart from that, the methodology used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. This method is applied by reviewing various literature related to this research topic. Thus, the role of nationalism and regional dynamics contribute to the escalation of hostilities in the region. These events had significant implications for the trajectory of the conflict and shaped public opinion both in the countries involved and internationally.

HOW DID THE TET OFFENSIVE SERVE AS A PIVOTAL MOMENT THAT ALTERED THE COURSE OF THE VIETNAM WAR FOR THE UNITED STATES?

The Tet Offensive of 1968 stands as a watershed moment in the Vietnam War which compelled the United States to reconsider and alter its strategy. By analyzing the objectives, planning and execution of the offensive, this paper aims to shed light on how the Tet Offensive was successful in exploiting and exposing the gap between the official narratives and on-the-ground realities in America, which would in turn affect subsequent war policy decisions. Moreover, this paper examines how the Tet Offensive was significant in serving as a pivotal moment that altered the course of the war for the United States due to its role in influencing American public opinion, military strategies, political dynamics as well as the relationship between the U.S and South Vietnam.

Strategic Use of Karma in Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge

Most critics focus on the pain and suffering of the first-generation Vietnamese immigrants depicted in Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge. This paper explores how Cao strategically uses the philosophy of karma in Vietnamese Buddhism to provide a method for alleviating their suffering in this novel. It argues that she employs karma to investigate the origins of the adversity and trauma experienced by the first-generation Vietnamese immigrants, including the pro-American attitude of the early Vietnamese authorities during the Vietnam War, the imperialistic actions of the United States, and the resulting karmic consequences. In addition, they demonstrate, through actions like forming “hui”, a way to change their fate and heal their trauma for later generations of Vietnamese immigrants, emphasizing positive transformation of karma. This paper suggests that the Buddhist philosophy of karma provides an effective strategy for Vietnamese American immigrants to reflect on the Vietnam War, overcome adversity, and heal their own trauma.

Genocide and Anarchy Characterize in 20th and 20st Century

Violence has various motives and spectrums, with religion playing a crucial role in shaping human behavior. Since the earliest civilization, humans have had a close association with violence and religion in various ways. Dominant religious institutions have institutionalized violence against their opponents and adherents, while religion can also limit violence, as seen in Buddhism. Despite the trend of religious tolerance and secularism in the 20th century, religious sentiments have often played a role in genocidal events, such as the Armenian, Bosnian, Jewish, and Rwandan genocides. Ethnocentric sentiments, extreme nationalism, and narcissism have also led to genocide and crimes, such as the Holocaust and the Mumbai attack of 26/11. Political ideologies driven by dominance and showcase also contribute to genocide and crimes, such as the Vietnam war, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki incident, and the 1971 war.

Corporate social performance: Does management quality matter?

We use common factor analysis on seven individual management quality measures to extract a management quality factor and examine its relationship with corporate social performance. Using managers’ draft risk during the Vietnam War as an instrumental variable for management quality, we find that firms with higher-quality managers score better in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The cross-sectional results suggest that high-quality managers strategically invest in CSR when potential benefits outweigh the costs. Specifically, the positive relationship between management quality and CSR is more pronounced for firms under fierce product market competition when CSR is crucial for differentiating the firm from its competitors. Moreover, CSR becomes more sensitive to management quality when customer awareness and investor attention are high, increasing the likelihood that CSR enhances customer perception and investor trust. Finally, we find that CSR investment by high-quality managers creates more shareholder value, suggesting that higher-quality managers are more capable of “doing well by doing good.”

Elasticity in twentieth-century sculpture

How can elasticity be applied as an analytical category for the study of sculpture, here especially of the 1970s? The aim of this article is to circumvent binary, gender-bound approaches to materials. It discusses how elasticity moves from representation (Germaine Richier, Olga Jevrić, Naum Gabo) to materiality and medium, such as nylon and rubber/latex (Rosemary Mayer, Senga Nengudi, Eva Hesse, Claes Oldenburg), leaving behind the paradigm of minimalism in favour of eccentric, bodily and sensuous objects. Rosalind Krauss emphasized how in post-war American art, ‘sculpture and painting have been kneaded and stretched and twisted in an extraordinary demonstration of elasticity’. This breaking out of categories can be seen as a sociopolitical figure of thought, for example in Nengudi’s sculptures, where the (female) body is restrained by the material and enmeshed in a social web of heteronormative ideas, but also in the sociopolitical context, such as the Black Liberation Movement and demonstrations against the Vietnam War.

The Triumph of Just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success)

ABSTRACT: This article considers the useful application of just war theory to the Vietnam War and to others after. It describes the triumph of the theory, which has brought with it more questionable uses.

Survival of the Hmong population diagnosed with colon and rectal cancers in the United States.

The Hmong population constitutes an independent ethnic group historically dispersed throughout Southeast Asia; fallout from the Vietnam War led to their forced migration to the United States as refugees. This study seeks to investigate characteristics of the Hmong population diagnosed with in colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as survival within this population. Cases of colon and rectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Summary statistics of demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and treatment variables were generated with emphasis on age and stage at the time of diagnosis. Cox-proportional hazard models were constructed for survival analysis. Of 881,243 total CRC cases within the NCDB, 120 were classified as Hmong. The average age of Hmong individuals at diagnosis was 58.9 years compared 68.7 years for Non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals (p < 0.01). The distribution of analytic stage differed between the Hmong population and the reference NHW population, with 61.8% of Hmong individuals compared to 45.8% of NHW individuals with known stage being diagnosed at stage III or IV CRC compared to 0, I, or II (p = 0.001). However, there was no difference in OS when adjusting for potential confounders (HR 1.00 [0.77-1.33]; p = 0.998). Hmong individuals are nearly a decade younger at the time of diagnosis of CRC compared to the NHW individuals. However, these data do not suggest an association between Hmong ethnicity and overall survival, when compared to the NHW population.

Reflections Of The Vietnam Strategy On Resistance To French And Us Occupation

Reflections Of The Vietnam Strategy On Resistance To French And Us Occupation

Solidarity and the Aesthetics of Pain: Soviet Documentary Film and the Vietnam War

Abstract The Soviet campaign in support of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the Vietnam War saturated Soviet public culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the longest solidarity action in Soviet history and the first to reach mass television audiences. This article examines the production and reception of a televised documentary film about the Vietnam War made by Konstantin Simonov – a celebrity writer who played a crucial role in Soviet culture during World War II, and then, in the post-war period, in the struggle to come to terms with terrible truths about Stalinism and the chaos and trauma that war had rendered. Simonov's film presented the Vietnam War in lyrical rather than analytical terms, calling upon viewers to draw connections between the suffering of the Vietnamese and the Soviet wartime experience and to enact their solidarity with the Vietnamese in terms of feeling. The film proposes a solidarity of pain and an understanding of war and wartime suffering as elemental and overwhelming. In dozens of letters to Simonov, we find an understanding and appreciation of this vision, which decentres Vietnam and instead sends viewers on a journey back to Soviet history and trauma.

“To Live Is a Matter of Time”: Memory, Survival and Queer Refugeehood in Ocean Vuong’s On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous

In his novel On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous (2019), Ocean Vuong attempts to reweave the historical threads that have been brutally severed by American imperialism, forced migration and the imperatives of assimilation, as a practice of survival. Drawing on his own experience as a Vietnamese refugee, Vuong situates a Vietnamese American queer protagonist at the centre of his non-linear narrative, which excavates the boy’s family history to trace the multiple histories of displacement informing who he is today. The novel’s temporal disorientation becomes a formulation of queer temporality that activates a critical reorientation of how experiences of refuge are typically represented—a coming into consciousness known as “refugeetude”. Such a critical reorientation serves a dual purpose. Firstly, by foregrounding the protagonist’s—and his family’s—shattered recollections, Vuong challenges dominant accounts of the Vietnam War and recovers the voices of those that are effaced by Western representation, thus assembling a more inclusive “just memory” of the war. Secondly, the novel disrupts the teleological narrative of progressive assimilation that is prevalent in refugee discourse by revealing the enduring forms of violence that displaced subjects must still face in contemporary America. By queering the normative temporality of refugee experience, the novel demonstrates how the characters’ refugeehood is not finite but ongoing, necessitating a continuous search for healing and resilience.

Embitterment in Vietnam War Veterans Predicted by Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Research on the association between posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) and other psychopathologies in veterans and adults aged ≥65 years is lacking. This study aimed to assess embitterment among elderly war veterans and its association with major psychopathological factors. Participants included Vietnam War veterans who visited a psychiatric clinic. Based on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTEDS) score, the participants were divided into the embitterment (PTED(+), mean score of PTEDS items [mPTEDS] ≥1.6) and non-embitterment (PTED(-), mPTEDS <1.6) groups. Demographic characteristics, combat exposure severity, depression, anxiety, sleep, and alcohol use disorder symptom scores of the participants were collected and compared between the PTED(+) and PTED(-) groups. A correlation analysis between symptom measure scores and the mPTEDS was conducted. The influence of psychopathology on embitterment was investigated using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. In total, 60 participants (28 in PTED(+) and 32 in PTED(-)) were included. Among those in PTED(+), 21 (35.0%) showed mild embitterment symptoms (1.6≤ mPTEDS <2.5) and 7 (11.7%) reported moderate or severe embitterment symptoms (mPTEDS ≥2.5). The mean scores of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety were significantly higher in the PTED(+) than in the PTED(-) group. The mPTEDS were significantly correlated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder scores. The PTSD symptoms significantly explained the higher mPTEDS score in a regression model. Embitterment symptoms were associated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms in elderly veterans, similar to the results of prior studies involving only the general population.

National liberation by other means: US visitor diplomacy in the Vietnam War

Abstract This article considers Americans who travelled to North Vietnam at the height of the Vietnam War (1965–75). It demonstrates, on the basis of revelations in files from the Vietnamese national archives, that authorities in Hanoi exercised far more control over visits by US citizens and the impressions they created than the visitors themselves and those who have written about them had heretofore surmised. In visiting North Vietnam on Hanoi’s very specific terms, guests unwittingly — for the most part — became accomplices in its ‘diplomatic struggle’, a distinctive aspect of the Vietnamese communist anti-American strategy that was intended to diminish the importance of the military contest inside Vietnam by winning hearts and minds and demonizing Washington policy makers outside the country. By elucidating Hanoi’s rationale for and contributions in arranging the visits, the article decentres the history of the Vietnam War and validates the emergent consensus among international relations historians that traditionally marginalized ‘Third World’ state and non-state actors assumed meaningful roles in shaping the post-1945 international order. The Vietnam War, it turned out, changed the global discourse on the laws of war, human rights and humanitarianism in no small part because of the way Hanoi framed the conflict and reported its dreadful effects to foreign publics.

Agent Orange Herbicidal Toxin-Initiation of Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration.

Agent Orange (AO) is a Vietnam War-era herbicide that contains a 1 : 1 ratio of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Emerging evidence suggests that AO exposures cause toxic and degenerative pathologies that may increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates the effects of the two main AO constituents on key molecular and biochemical indices of AD-type neurodegeneration. Long Evans rat frontal lobe slice cultures treated with 250μg/ml of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or both (D + T) were evaluated for cytotoxicity, oxidative injury, mitochondrial function, and AD biomarker expression. Treatment with the AO constituents caused histopathological changes corresponding to neuronal, white matter, and endothelial cell degeneration, and molecular/biochemical abnormalities indicative of cytotoxic injury, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and increased immunoreactivity to activated Caspase 3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin, tau, paired-helical filament phosphorylated tau, AβPP, Aβ, and choline acetyltransferase. Nearly all indices of cellular injury and degeneration were more pronounced in the D + T compared with 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T treated cultures. Exposures to AO herbicidal chemicals damage frontal lobe brain tissue with molecular and biochemical abnormalities that mimic pathologies associated with early-stage AD-type neurodegeneration. Additional research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of AO exposures in relation to aging and progressive neurodegeneration in Vietnam War Veterans.

“Disgust” and “Disgrace”: Cultural Evangelicals’ Reaction to Jimmy Carter’s Draft Evader Pardon and Early Memory of the Vietnam War in Texas

Abstract This article examines the reactions of cultural evangelicals in Texas to Jimmy Carter’s pardon of Vietnam War draft evaders. This article seeks to answer two questions: Did cultural evangelicals agree or disagree with Carter’s pardon, and why? This article finds that the vast majority vehemently disagreed with the pardon for a variety of reasons, but one reason loomed above all: These cultural evangelicals thought that the pardon was profoundly disrespectful to veterans of the Vietnam War because, in their minds, it appeared to give draft evaders, whom many cultural evangelicals saw as cowards, moral approval from the White House. To make this argument, this article takes a microhistorical approach and focuses on the cities of Waco and Amarillo, Texas, and uses sources like letters to the editor of local newspapers, news articles, opinion editorials, and, most critically, constituent letters to US members of Congress. Ultimately, this article provides another lens for understanding Carter–evangelicals relations and demonstrates how the understanding of white evangelicalism put forth by Kristin Kobes Du Mez in Jesus and John Wayne: How White Evangelicals Corrupted a Faith and Fractured a Nation can be used in a political and religious microhistory.

The Indian Media’s Interface with Diplomacy

Diplomacy and its institutions have been constantly changing. The manner in which diplomacy was practised in the earlier centuries is vastly different from how it is being practised in the twenty-first century. These changes range from the emergence of the training of messengers, the start of record keeping of diplomatic exchanges, the establishment of resident embassies, codification of formal diplomatic processes, widening domain of actors and issues, the use of multilateral conferences, use of summitry and many others. This evolution has been both a result of and further resulted in changing the larger socio-political-economic dimensions that the world has undergone. Among the myriad contextual changes, the revolution in communications, information and media technology has been phenomenal. This has brought into focus terms like the CNN effect and Vietnam War Syndrome where it is argued that media has had an influence in directing foreign policy choices of countries. Hence, this article seeks to analyse the media’s interface with the most important institution of diplomacy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It specifically focuses on the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), India. Has the news media acted either as an impediment or an accelerator to diplomatic practice? Has the information overload caused the diplomatic fraternity to face a loss of autonomy in any manner? With the objective of seeking an answer to these questions from diplomacy’s perspective, the article explores the evolution of the External Publicity Division of the MEA, India. The External Publicity Division as it is generally known has been the nodal division leading the institutions’ interface with the media. The actuality of media’s interface with diplomacy in India’s case will be set in the backdrop of the existing literature in the fields of media, diplomacy and foreign policy.